Applications: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

BESS Is Predominantly LFP-based, But Faces Limitations For Long Duration Applications LEADING BESS CHEMISTRY LFP has overtaken NMC as the dominant stationary storage chemistry, accounting for over 80% of ESS today

LIMITATIONS OF LIBASED ESS FOR LONGER DURATIONS Li-ion ESS is cost-effective for short durations in 2 use cases: 1 Demand-supply matching from few seconds to 1 hr 2 Energy arbitrage (i.e. buy energy/charge when itʼs cheap, sell/discharge during higher-price hours)

Li-ion is not cost effective past 8 hours at current prices for either use case scenario, driving the investigation of alternative chemistries (see LDES)

Source: Cathode chemistry chart from CRU Group Distinguished Partner). cost effectiveness graphic from MCJ Newsletter.

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.