Applications: Other

Space Applications SpaceX Starship rocket is expected to continue to reduce cost to orbit and enable larger battery applications to support expanded mission capacity. APPLICATIONS

AMBIENT PRESSURE

MISSION EXAMPLE

CELL CHEMISTRY EXAMPLE

AVG. MISSION DURATION

RADIATION

AVG. TEMPERATURE

DESIGN CHALLENGES

EARTH

101.3 kPa

Electric vehicle

Graphite + NCM

812 years

H3, Be-7, C14,Na-22 0.21mSv/year

30°C to 40°C

Corrosion

UPPER ATMOSPHERE

200 Pa

Stratostats

Graphite + LCO

100 days

He, Li- through Fe ions Neutrons 110 MeV 1.2 Neutrons/cm^2/s,

20°C to 60°C

Low temperatures, icing, pressure variations

LOW EARTH ORBIT LEO

106 - 109 Pa

ISP satellites

Graphite + NCA or LFP

30 days (humans) 4 26 years (constellations)

100010 M Protons and Electrons/cm2/s

65°C to 125°C

Sealing under frequent temperature variation

GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT GEO

1012 Pa

Media broadcasting

Graphite + NCA or Nickel Hydrogen

7 years (many operating past EOL

400500 km/s Protons & Electrons 30/cm^2/s

196°C to 128°C

Calendar life, high cycle-life

LUNAR

3 109 Pa

Lunar rover

Pu-238 RTG (radioisotope thermal generator)

3 months design, 31 months life Jade Rabbit rover)

Protons, Electrons 1010000 MeV, 110 Protons/cm2/s

130°C to 120°C

Extended duration of hot and cold/dark periods

MARS

560 Pa

Martian rover

Graphite + NCA

90 days NASA design Opportunity lasted 15 years)

Protons, Electrons 11000 MeV, 1001000/s

153°C to 20°C

Sealing under temperature variation, RTG radiation

DEEP SPACE

1014 - 1018 Pa

Deep space probes

Pu-238 RTG (radioisotope thermal generator)

45+ years Voyager)

Protons, Electrons 110,000 MeV 10010,000/s

Calendar life, RTG radiation and decreasing heating

Source: 1 NASA 2 Virtue Market Research 3 E3S 4 Zhang, J., et al. 5 ESA 6 Singh, L., et al. 7 NASA 8 IDA Org 9 Naito, M., et al. 10 Guo, J., et al. 11 NASA 12 Phys Org 13 NASA 14 NASA 15 Space Flight

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