Chemistry: Cathode

NMC Cathode Active Material Synthesis Process NMC CATHODE PRECURSOR SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW NMC CATHODE PRECURSOR

Reagent Prep Ni, Mn, Co salt dissolution Chelating agent Caustic solution

NMC CATHODE SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW

NixMnyCo1-x-yOH or NixMnyCo1-x-yCO3

NMC CATHODE PRECURSOR LiOH or Li2CO3 Dopants & Coatings

Heat

Material Mixing

Co-Precipitation Water

NMC POLYCRYSTAL CATHODE

LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2

NMC SINGLE CRYSTAL CATHODE

Heat Oxygen

Calcination Washing Heat

CO2 H2O

Wastewater

Drying, Sieving H2O

NMC CATHODE PRECURSOR

Multiple grain boundaries in each particle Higher capacity Better rate capability

Single continuous crystal lattice in each particle Higher stability Better cycling

Source: Comparison of Single Crystal and Polycrystal → Dahn et al. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 15001503 → https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm803144d Precursor Synthesis process → Jing Li et al. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164 A1534 → https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0401714jes/pdf

Milling, Sieving, Washing

NMC POLYCRYSTAL CATHODE

Additional coating, doping, and/or washing steps may be needed for high-nickel CAM

Li2CO3 LiOH

NMC SINGLE CRYSTAL CATHODE

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.