Chemistry: Cathode

Stabilization Of The LMO LiMn2O4) Spinel Structure Cation and anion substitution may enhance LMO CAM performance:

Researchers from Gyeongsang National University introduced a novel multi-substituted spinel by partially replacing manganese Mn4+ with titanium Ti4+ and oxygen O2− with sulfur S2− at specific sites. This approach stabilized the structure by mitigating Jahn–Teller distortion and maintained capacity integrity throughout the spinel's operational lifespan 1.

Tesla issued a patent proposing substitution of lithium Li+) with an alkaline or alkaline-earth cation Mn+ (e.g. n = 1 Na+ or K+ or n = 2 Mg2 or Sr2), Mn4+ with a group 13 element Mʼm+ (such as B3 or Al3) and oxygen O2− with an anion dopant Xk−(such as F− or Cl− or SO42−) in Li1+aMbMn2-cMʼcO4-dXe to improve cycle life by stabilizing the spinel structure and reducing Mn dissolution 2.

LMO

Toyota Central R&D Labs, Inc. improved cycle life and increased the capacity of LMO CAM by introducing non-metallic elements, such as boron (B3) and phosphorus P5), into interstitial sites. Boron doping stabilizes the crystal structure, leading to a longer battery life. Phosphorus increasing battery capacity by allowing more Li+ storage, which leads to higher energy density 3.

Source: 1 O. Nyamaa et. al. Mater. Adv., 2024,5, 28722887; 2 WO patent 2024147993A1; 3 Toyota Central R&D Labs

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