Chemistry: Non-Lithium Chemistries

Vast Abundance Of Sodium Is Key To Addressing Long Term Battery Supply Chain Challenges SOURCES OF ECONOMICALLY RECOVERABLE SODIUM / LITHIUM. 1

Sources: See references above

United States holds 90% of worldʼs sodium material reserves.2

Sodium naturally exists in Soda ash Na2CO3) form, and is already an established raw material commodity, reducing processing requirements.

Massive abundance & ease of processing translate into 100x lower raw material prices vs equivalent Li2CO3. Potentially achieving $40/kWh at scale.3

Sodium ion batteries adopt manufacturing methods identical to lithium ion, allowing immediate scalability compared to other emerging next generation technologies.4

Common advantages: Low temperature operation, potential for 0V or 0% SOC storage/transport, high power / rate, long cycle/calendar life.

Common disadvantages: Lower energy density vs lithium ion, higher near-term costs, wider voltage ranges, uncertainty around safety claims.

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.