Chemistry: Non-Lithium Chemistries

Sodium Ion Battery Bill of Materials ACTIVE

Cathodes

Anodes

INACTIVE

Electrolyte

MATERIAL

$/KG 1

EXAMPLE CHEMICAL FORMULAS

PROSPECTS & CHALLENGES

Layered Oxide

O3 NaNixFeyMnzO2, O3 NaCuxFeyMnzO2 P2 NaaFexMnyO2, P2 NaaNixMnyO2

Material stability at high voltage may limit useable capacity and require nickel, but relatively high energy and high tap density

Polyanion

Na3V2PO4)3, Na3V2PO4)2F, Na4Fe3PO4)2P2O7), Na2Fe2SO4)3

Volumetric & Specific energy density is poor, but improved safety could yield cost-downs at pack level

Prussian White/Blue

2.5 3.5 4 (projected)

Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6] Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6]

Moisture sensitivity may increase costs in material and cell manufacturing

Hard Carbon

4 11 (realistic) 1,2 4 32 1,2,3

Growing supply chain is driving lower costs, but many feedstock choices could limit cost and volume.

Alloys

P, Sn, Sb, Pb, SnxP3

High theoretical volumetric energy density, but expansion must be managed and could limit practical energy density

Anodeless

Na Note: No commercial Na foil available)

High energy density with minimal processing, but expansion must be managed and could limit practical energy density

MATERIAL

$/KG

EXAMPLE CHEMICAL FORMULAS

PROSPECTS & CHALLENGES

NaPF6 CarbonateBased

NaPF6 in EC/PC/DEC/DMC/EMC

Good oxidative stability, but generates volatile/toxic gas at high voltage/during thermal runaway. NaPF6 forms soluble SEI species.

NaPF6 Ether-based

Unknown, but glymes are 23x cost of PC

NaPF6 in DEE/DME/DEG/TEG/THF

Superior SEI stability and lower Na plating risk/ compatibility with Na metal, but limited oxidative stability. NaPF6 forms soluble SEI species.

Sources: 1. Yao, A. Benson, S.M., Chueh, W.C. How quickly can sodium-ion learn? Assessing scenarios for technoeconomic competitiveness against lithium-ion batteries. arXiv::2403.13759v3 2024.; 2. Shanghai Metals Market SMM. Metals.com.; 3. Omenya, A. Sodium-Ion Battery Development. DOEOE Peer Review 2024.; 4. Lee, J. Low Cost Sodium-Ion Battery to Enable Grid Scale Energy Storage: Prussian Blue-Derived Cathode and Complete Battery Integration; 2013.

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.