Chemistry: Non-Lithium Chemistries

Na-ionʼs New Capabilities Reported 0V OR 0% STORAGE & TRANSPORT

LOW TEMPERATURE OPERATION Na-ion can operate up to 40 ̊C or lower. This is mainly due to the electrolytes used that avoid sluggish effects seen in Li-ion.

Discharge Voltage Curves at different temperatures Voltage

Reports found the potential for no detrimental effects during over discharge to 0% or 0V, this is mainly due to absence of Cu Foil.

Source Capacity Retained

HIGH POWER / FAST CHARGE EXCEEDING LIION Discharge rates 10C, and charge rates 4C commonly reported, this is mainly due to the rate capabilities of Hard carbon (vs graphite). Source Source: Rachel Carter, Gordon Waller, Connor Jacob, Dillon Hayman and Corey Love, US Naval Research Laboratory

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.