Chemistry: Non-Lithium Chemistries

High Temperature Batteries High temperature batteries use molten electrodes separated by a solid ceramic electrolyte separator. They were developed for stationary storage applications for discharge durations of up to 8 hours.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

USE CASE GRID STORAGE

High temperature batteries operate at temperatures over 250oC to ensure that the electrodes remain in a molten state and are electrochemically active. The electrolyte is typically sodium beta-alumina. There are two high temperature battery chemistries which have been successfully commercialised as of 2024

High temperature batteries typically have cell energy densities of 100 to 200 Wh/kg, and operate at round-trip efficiencies of around 70 to 80% when operating at temperature. They have been widely deployed in energy storage applications for discharge durations of up to 8 hours, making them suitable for pairing with solar PV installations.

Sodium-sulfur 1] batteries, where molten sulfur and molten sodium are separated from a beta-alumina electrolyte layer.

Sodium nickel chloride 2] batteries, sometimes called ZEBRA batteries, which use nickel chloride and molten sodium electrodes.

Source: 1 NGK Insulators - Product, 2 EASE Technologies

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.