Software

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities BMS VULNERABILITIES Compromised Sensors: Attackers can tamper with temperature sensors (e.g., adding resistors) to cause overcharge or over-discharge, damaging cells. Software Modifications: Malicious actors may alter BMS software or use underpowered chips to disrupt operations. Hardware Trojans: Circuit modifications during design/fabrication (e.g., in microprocessors) can be triggered externally or internally. State Estimation Attacks: Targeting calculations by manipulating methods or locations within the system. Firmware Alterations: Firmware can be tampered with to compromise functionality.

COMMUNICATION NETWORK VULNERABILITIES Wireless Communication: Susceptible to EMI and cyberattacks that disrupt CMUPMU data. CAN Bus: Older versions lack authentication and encryption, making it vulnerable to manipulation. IoT Platforms: Protocols like MQTT can be exploited via fake routers or unauthorized nodes, compromising the network. External Communications: BESS portals, cloud services, and HMIs are potential entry points for attackers.

EXTERNAL INTERFACE VULNERABILITIES OBD Ports and USBs: Serve as attack entry points through connected devices. Supply Chain: Malware or hardware trojans introduced during manufacturing can compromise systems.

V2X Communications: Emerging technologies (e.g., V2C, V2G) are vulnerable to reliability and security risks. EVSE Attacks can bypass credentials, send malware, or deactivate chargers.

Sources: Cybersecurity of Battery Management Systems, In the New Era of Wireless Battery Management Systems (wBMS), Security Takes the Spotlight | Analog Devices, Cyber-Physical Cloud Battery Management Systems: Review of Security Aspects, Cybersecurity of Battery Energy Storage Systems, Cybersecurity of Battery Energy Storage Systems

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.