Seminal Literature

TiS2 - The First Lithium-Ion Intercalation Electrode And The Invention Of The Lithium-Based Battery In 1972, Stanley Whittingham conducted the first lithium-ion battery electrochemical measurements at Exxon Research and Engineering Co. Whittinghamʼs invention was disclosed in patents in 1973 and in academic journals in 1976. Whittinghamʼs cell design, TiS2//Li, used a positive electrode that did not initially contain lithium, meaning the cell was in a pre-charged stage and relied on lithium insertion during operation. Due to the moderate electronegativity of sulfur, TiS2//Li has a modest average voltage of 2.2V. Incredibly, his first reported cell cycled 1100 times with more than 80% capacity retention! While neither his cathode TiS2) nor his anode Li metal) would go on to be adopted in commercial rechargeable lithium batteries, this battery left an indelible mark on human history. In 2019, Whittingham was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for the development of lithium-ion batteriesˮ. Those familiar with the Nernst equation will recognize that the y-axis is simply the familiar EV Source: Whittingham, Chalcogenide battery. US patent 4,009,052, 1973. Whittingham Science 1976. Whittingham J. Electrochem. Soc. 1976. Whittingham Nat. Energy 2021.; Image - Binghamton University

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