Supply Chain

There are 2 main types of lithium extraction methods

Hard-rock mines “spodumene” (common in Australia)

Brine evaporation (common in Latin America)

Brine evaporation is a water-intensive process and lithium reserves are often located in drought-prone regions.

1 ton of Li extraction can consume 2+ million litres of water, which can lead to groundwater depletion, soil contamination and other forms of environmental degradation

The Lithium Triangle (Chile, Argentina, Bolivia) has 56% of the world’s known reserves and exhibit medium to high levels of water stress

Local communities push back on lithium mining projects across the globe

Serbian government stops Jadar lithium project

New projects in Australia faces civil and legal scrutiny

Strong opposition to development in Thacker Pass, Nevada 104

Industry: Supply Chain Source: ESG Reporting by Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, ISS Insights

Volta Foundation

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.