Manufacturing

Large format li-ion battery manufacturing can be economically squeezed by low yield and low margins, the results of tight manufacturing tolerances and high-volume commodification, respectively. A general lack of rapid in-line inspection exists with some process steps having none at all. Slow feedback loops with inspectional data and iterative process improvements usually lead to multi-year production ramp periods. Large format market leaders like CATL have implemented better engineering, process control, controlled feedback loops, and benefited from standardized facility design to reduce scrap. Line Commission

Ramp Period (Years 1-5)

Steady-State

80% Average Yield (20% Scrap)

Electrode

Assembly

Formation

End-of-Line

Dropout (Scrap Rate)

Cumulative Cell Cost

Industry: Manufacturing Source: For Manufacturing Yield: NREL, ANL, DOE, MIT & Carnegie Mellon, TU Braunschweig

Volta Foundation

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.