Technology Applications

Chemistry

NCM + LFP

Energy Density 142 Wh/kg

Li+ + Na+

Anode-free LMO + LFP

200 Wh/kg (targeted)

310 Wh/kg, 420-475 Wh/L LFP for traction power and cycle life, LMO for range extender (high energy density, low cycle life)

Intent

Improve performance of LFP at low-temperatures

Reduce cost and improve safety of CTP architecture

Trade-offs

LFP for cost, NCM for low-temp. performance and optimizing SoC estimation

Na-ion for lower cost and safety, LFP for power capability

Hybrid chemistry packs show promise for reducing cost by using low-cost cathode materials, but introduce additional complexity in electrical architecture and BMS design. Similar to energy-power hybrid packs that have been investigated in the past, chemistry hybrids are potentially only an interim solution to test newer chemistries in real-world (but niche applications) before they are deployed at scale. Industry: Technology Applications

Volta Foundation

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.