Chemistry & Cell Components

Chemistry & Cell Components

Sodium Ion | Differentiating Properties

SIB Claims & prevailing areas of consideration Claims

Lowering Costs

Reason BOM of SIBs lower than LIBs (historical avg $200/MT for NCE vs $20,000/MT for LCE)

Prospects

Absence of Cu on anode allows for 0V discharge due to oxidative resistance on Al

0 V storage & transport

Wider temperature range

Use of low MP / high temp stable electrolytes (e.g. PC in SIB vs EC in LIBs.)

Improved Safety

Lower heat released/rate of heat released for SIBs

Integration Ease

Form factor compatibility with LIB at system level

Challenges

Large abundance of NCE mitigates supply chain fluctuations Potential Cost reductions on anode/no copper/electrolyte

Avoids need for SOC shipping (UN38.3), and reduces handling / transport safety hazards Resistant to over discharge during long storage periods without access to charging

High-capacity utilization at extreme low temperatures (-40°C). Reduced thermal cooling requirements at higher operating temps (60°C).

Reduced system level costs (safety/fire mitigation costs) Potential to serve indoor BTM markets if safety metrics can be met (meet NFPA 855) Use existing BMS/Power electronics during pack to system integration

Lower BOM not yet manifested in lower cell costs due to immature supply chain Reliance of Ni, V, other rare earth containing materials, or high moisture sensitivity for certain SIB cathodes No existing regulatory guidance on SIB transport standards yet, SIBs still classified in same category as LIB Sufficient BMS level protections against over discharge may negate needs Low temperature performance limited to discharge, charging still requires above -10°C Excessive gas formation at elevated temperatures when high voltage cathodes are used

Limited ARC testing data available for reference Safety concerns for layered oxides (fire hazard/oxygen release), PBAs (cyanide gas hazard)

Some SIB cell chemistries uses wide voltage ranges that are not directly compatible

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.