Recycling

Recycling

Key Players | Landscape

Key Players | Landscape

Hydrometallurgy process gains most traction in the industry. Pyrometallurgy Pyrometallurgy was the 1st generation of recycling processes, but requires significant re-processing. Key benefits: Lower waste generation, Production cost Key challenges: High energy usage, capital cost, lower lithium recovery Hydrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy and direct recycling have higher probability of preserving material quality (structure, coatings, morphology), but require more capex investment to scale up. Key benefits: Lower waste generation, energy consumption, and, modular capital cost structure Key challenges: Feedstock consistency requirement and can be more expensive than Pyro for small scale Direct recycling Direct Cathode Recycling is in earlier stages of development and commercialization, but is of highest value for manufacturers. Key benefits: Lower waste generation, energy consumption, higher recovery rates Key challenges: Higher production cost and not commercially proven yet

Source: Max Werny, et al., Shruti Suriyakumar, et. al.

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