Sustainability

Raw material refining and battery production are carbon intensive processes, in addition to producing other pollutants. Carbon emissions from battery production have decreased in recent years.

EVs contribute no tailpipe GHG emissions, but they initially have a higher carbon footprint after production than ICE vehicles due to battery pack manufacturing (they may also continue polluting depending on the energy grid used to charge them). This initial carbon deficit from manufacturing takes several thousand vehicle-miles/year of ownership to overcome. The good news: GHG emissions from battery production have decreased over the past decade due to efficiencies from producing at larger scales and the introduction of more renewable energy sources on global energy grids. 55

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