Safety

Fire Safety Technologies: System Thermal Management Systems TMS

Structural Safety Considerations

Fault Detection and Alarms System

Active Fire Suppression System FSS

Design choices to prevent propagation of events

Maintains temperature “homeostasisˮ

Detects/diagnoses stages of a thermal runaway cascade

Reacts to extinguish fires of the system

Design considerations includes pack level choices, integration of systems, material selection, and incorporation of engineering controls.

System consists of: Sensors, set point management, cooling apparatus.

System consists of mixture of sensors and alarms/alerts

System consists of automated response that triggers fire suppression agents

Example of standards that guide considerations:

UL 9540

NFPA 855

NFPA 68/69

Types of cooling:

Immersion cooling- pack submerged in dielectric liquid

Liquid cooling- circulating liquid to absorb heat

Air cooling- fans and blowers force circulated air

Types of sensors:

Gas detection- vent gases

Thermal detection- temperature anomalies at cell/module/pack

Voltage imbalance monitoringflags cells/modules/packs for potential faults

Types of suppression:

Gas based suppression- inert or extinguishing gases

Aerosol suppression- fine particles to interrupt combustion

Water-based suppression- water to extinguish fire

Source [1]

Source [2]

Source [3]

Source [4]

Prevention

Containment

When designing a battery system, several system-level strategies exist to ensure proper safety against thermal runaway events.

Source:1, 2, 3, 4

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.