Cell Design and Materials

Market

Sub-Market

Wh/kg

Wh/L

Max Discharge Rate

Max Discharge Pulse

Max Charge Rate

Max Charge Pulse

Functional Requirements Cycle Life 80%

Calendar Life

Shelf Life

Safety

$/kWh

$ / kWh / Cycle

eVTOL Low Earth Orbit Satellites Aerospace

Medium Earth Orbit Satellites Geostationary Orbit Satellites Unmanned Aerial Systems Motorcycle

Automotive

Sports Car Sedan Heavy Duty Trucks

Consumer Electronics

Smart Phones & Watches Power Tools & Gardening EBikes Commercial and Industrial

Grid

Residential Utility

Medical Devices

Surgical Tools Monitoring Devices Infantry

Military

Backup Power Missiles Communications

* Cell design and components other than the cathode can make a very large difference in cell performance metrics Ratings marked with “**ˮare based on published data but have no commercial cells For more details and sources, please visit: Battery Talk: Battery Application Break Down 12/31/2025 Version 3.0

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.