Cell Design and Materials

Best Good

Room Temp 20 30 C

Chemistry Cathode

Anode

Poor

LFP

Graphite

Worst

LFP

Silicon

LFMP

Graphite

LFMP

Silicon

LMR

Graphite

NMC

Graphite

NMC

Gr + 50% Si

NMC

Silicon

NMC

Lithium Metal

Sulfur

Lithium Metal

NFMnO

Hard Carbon

NFPP

Hard Carbon

Average

Reference Point

Wh/kg

Wh/L

Max Discharge Rate

Max Discharge Pulse

Max Charge Rate

Max Charge Pulse

Functional Requirements Cycle Life 80%

Calendar Life

Shelf Life

Safety

$/kWh

$ / kWh / Cycle

* Cell design and components other than the cathode can make a very large difference in cell performance metrics Ratings marked with “**ˮare based on published data but have no commercial cells For more details and sources, please visit: Battery Talk: Battery Application Break Down 12/31/2025 Version 3.0

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.