Cell Design and Materials: Li-Ion

Lithium Manganese Nickel Oxide LMNO Basic Information LMNO SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

Lower capacity than NMC-based cathodes

Thermostability and long cycle life are advantages for BESS

NMC has higher energy density and LMFP has lower production cost

Electrolyte Instability: Severe oxidative decomposition of organic electrolytes at 4.5 V

Solid-State Integration: Ideal cathode for solid-state batteries SSBs where high-voltage stability is easier to manage

Rise of LMFP LiMn1.5Fe0.5PO4 4.1 V competes directly for the "mid-range, low-cost" segment with better safety/maturity

Aviation & High-Power Apps: projects targeting aeronautic sectors due to high power density

LFP Dominance: Continued LFP price drops make it hard for new chemistries to compete on cost alone.

Mitigate supply chain risk from cobalt.

Due to advances in solid-state batteries, other CAM may become more competitive

LMNO has higher energy density than LMO, approaching that of NMC and NCA High Operating Voltage: 4.7 V vs. Li/Li+, enabling high energy density Cobalt-Free Chemistry: Eliminates Co supply chain risks and reduces BOM cost by 20% vs. NCM LMNO offers better thermostability than other high-energy CAM

Higher production cost than for LFP or LMO Mn Dissolution: Disproportionation of Mn3 into Mn2/Mn4 leads to active material loss and anode poisoning

Higher charge voltage cutoff at 4.7 V Fast Kinetics: 3D Spinel structure allows rapid 3D Li+ diffusion, supporting high C-rates (fast charging)

Poor performance at low temperatures compared to LMFP Interface Degradation: Formation of thick, resistive CEI layers causing capacity fade

HV Electrolyte Breakthroughs: 2025 advances in fluorinated solvents/additives tailored for 5V-class cathodes.

Raw Material Volatility: While Co-free, reliance on high-purity Nickel exposes it to Ni market fluctuations

Source: 1. Battery Report 2024 Pg229); 2. Seokyung choi et al, ACS Omega 2024, 9, 17, 1868818708; 3. Bharti Rani et al. Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2025,9, 42624285 4. Qiqiang Huang et al, Advanced materials, 2025, 37, 5, 2410006.

Lithium manganese nickel oxide LMNO LMNO emerged as advanced version of LMO CAM. With the addition of nickel, it offers a higher energy density and higher cutoff voltage than LMO 4.7 V vs. 4.2 V, Development of LNMO technology: Began in the mid-2000s, but still exists primarily in cell prototypes and not currently used in EVs. However, growing concerns about the sustainability of cobalt mining and supply chain risks may speed up its adoption. Key players: This technology may soon be implemented in mid/long range EVs, lightweight aviation, drones and BESS. Morrow batteries, Topsoe and NanoOne are aiming to commercialize LMNO technology.

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.