Cell Design and Materials: Li-Ion

LMNO vs. LMO In LMNO compared to LMO, Mn is partially replaced by Ni and incorporating Ni into the system raises the redox voltage, resulting in increased overall energy density

LMNO offers a higher energy density, typically around 180200 Wh/kg, whereas LMO possess a moderate energy density 140160 Wh/kg

LMNO has a higher cutoff voltage of 4.7 V, whereas LMO has a cutoff voltage of 4.2 V

LMNO has improved low-temperature performance compared to LMO Challenges LMO

Lower energy density → less range for EVs

Capacity fade due to Mn dissolution at high temperatures LMNO

Higher cost due to Ni

Slightly reduced thermal stability compared to pure LMO

More sensitive to electrolyte decomposition at high voltage

LMO

LMNO

LMO 0% Ni 4.0 V

30% Ni 4.3V

50% Ni 4.7V

70% Ni 4.8V

80% Ni 4.9V

LNO 100% Ni) 4.4V

120.0 mAh/g 180.0 Wh/kg

170.0 mAh/g 230.0 Wh/kg

200.0 mAh/g 300.0 Wh/kg

220.0 mAh/g 330.0 Wh/kg

230.0 mAh/g 360.0 Wh/kg

250.0 mAh/g 380.0 Wh/kg

Source: Volta Battery Report 2024 Slide 230, K. Mukai et al. RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 1163411639

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.