Cell Design and Materials: Lithium Sulfur

Vast Abundance of Sulfur Is Key to Addressing Long Term Battery Supply Chain Challenges SOURCES OF ECONOMICALLY RECOVERABLE SULFUR / LITHIUM. 1 Sulfur: 70M Tons Lithium:15M Tons 0.37M

Sulfur & Lithium are decentralized by region. It is globally available in each country at varying quantities

Sulfur naturally exists in abundant forms, such as elemental sulfur and sulfide minerals, and is often obtained as a byproduct of fossil fuel refining and natural gas processing. Its established role as a raw material commodity reduces processing requirements, making it an efficient and cost-effective resource for industrial applications like sulfuric acid production and fertilizer manufacturing.

Lithium-Sulfur batteries adopt manufacturing methods identical to lithium ion, allowing immediate scalability compared to other emerging next generation technologies. Although lithium handling removes mixing, coating, calendering process for anode

Common advantages: Low temperature operation, 0% or 100% SOC, storage/transport, High Energy, Low Cost, Material Availability

Common disadvantages: Lower power density vs lithium ion, higher near-term costs, lower nominal voltage, uncertainty around safety and manufacturing claims.

Source: Reuters,,Argonne, UFine,Battery Official,Battery Report 2023-2024

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.