Cell Design and Materials: Solid-State

Semi-Solid-State vs All-Solid-State Batteries: Technology Tradeoffs Semi-solid systems enable faster market entry using existing manufacturing pathways, while all-solid-state architectures offer higher long-term performance at the cost of greater technical and industrial complexity.

Semi-Solid-State

All-Solid-State

A battery that contains both solid and liquid electrolytes, with solid components making up the majority (over 90%) of the mix.

A battery that contains only solid-state phase in electrolytes, can be polymeric/hybrid with inorganic compounds**)

Commonly consists of liquid solvent + polymeric plasticiser + inorganic compound matrix

Commonly consists of single layer polymer or composites with fixed & controllable thickness

ADVANTAGES

Strong interfacial contact

Manufacturing compatibility with Li-ion processes

Near-term deployability

DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

Lower volumetric energy density

Reduced intrinsic safety vs all-solid systems

Incremental improvement over Li-ion architectures

Higher intrinsic safety

Higher potential volumetric energy density

Source: About Solid-Liquid terminology *)Yicai | **)Discov. Electrochem. 2, 26 2025 | Also summarised from other previous scientific research outputs

DISADVANTAGES

Greater R&D maturity required

Production complexity (new tooling, pressure-managed stacking)

Stack pressure requirements

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.