Cell Design and Materials: Alternative Chemistries

LTO Technology: Zero-strain, High-rate Anode LTO Lithium Titanium Oxide, Li4Ti5O12) batteries are those which use LTO instead of graphite as anode material. With a crystal structure that remains highly stable during charge - discharge cycling, LTO is often called a “zero-strain materialˮ. LTO anodes are characterized by good cycle stability, safety, low-temperature performance, and rate capability, which enable them for applications requiring high power, frequent cycling, and extended cycle life. However, the higher operating potential of approximately 1.5 V vs Li/Li+ limits specific capacity and nominal discharge voltage. Key Features

Safety

Rate capability

Excellent cycle life

Low-temperature performance Applications

Electric buses and cars

Electric ferries

Railway

Electric bicycles

Source: 1 Frith et al. 2 Zhang et al.

Key specifications Rated voltage

Specific energy

75 100 Wh/kg

Cycle life

Paired cathode

NMC, LMO

Source: Toshiba

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.