Supply Chain: Upstream and Midstream

Smackover Lithium Formationʼs Vast, High-Grade Lithium Brine Deposits Could Fuel USʼ Lithium Supply Needs REPORTED ESTIMATED CONCʼS Standard Lithium SWA 440480 mg/L Franklin Project TX 626671 mg/L

PARTICIPATING COMPANIES

High-grade lithium brine resource 200500 mg/L in key zones)

Why Smackover A Big Deal for Lithium

High concentration vs global brine standards

High flow rates & existing O&G infrastructure → lower development costs

US-based resource supports IRA incentives & domestic supply chain goals

Compatible with DLE technologies (adsorption, ion-exchange, solvent extraction)

Group

Status / Estimate

Standard Lithium

DFS published; 22,500 tpa Li2CO3 planned 2028

Smackover Lithium JV

Long-term vision 100,000 tpa (multi-phase)

LANXESS

Brine processing footprint; exploring lithium co-production

ExxonMobil

Drilling appraisal wells in Arkansas

EnergyX

Expanded acreage 47,500 acres); DLE pilot deployments

Chevron, Equinor, TETRA

Regional operators → infrastructure, mineral rights, service capabilities

Others coming

Permitting & leasing ongoing across AR/TX

Strategic Advantages

U.S.-based resource → supports IRA incentives & domestic supply chains

Existing wells, brine handling, disposal & rights-of-way

Lower capex/time-to-market vs greenfield projects

Scalable through modular facilities

Source: USGS Lithium Smackover Formation, USGS Lithium resource in the smackover formation brines, Exxon Mobil, Mining - EnergyX Expands US Smackover Acreage

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.