VFBATTERY REPORT

Supply Chain: Upstream and Midstream

Pages 419–438 (20 pages)

Battery Report 2025, page 429: Supply Chain: Upstream and Midstream
Text on page 429

High-Purity Manganese Sulfate Monohydrate HPMSM Is the Primary Manganese Input for pCAM Given the scale advantages embedded in Chinaʼs cost structure, pCAM production trends in China remain central to global HP MSM availability and downstream cathode material supply.

Source: Project Blue

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.

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