Supply Chain: Upstream and Midstream

China Still Dominates Graphite Supply Chains Graphite supply chains are highly concentrated in China. Geopolitics has been the main near-term barrier, with export controls and tariffs making it worse. Financing, long lead times, permitting, are major challenges for ex.China graphite producers. Energy costs, cost-competitiveness, and a lack of specialist know-how are other challenges specific to synthetic graphite anode producers. Efforts to diversify graphite supply are advancing: Synthetic graphite is converging on Indonesia, Morocco, and North America, while natural graphite upstream is expanding in Africa.

See Chemistry section for more information.

Source: IEA, company announcements

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