Supply Chain: Recycling & Secondary Markets

Second-life Batteries SLB An Overview The pathway to second-life has 3 steps: receive, then assess to finally redeploy.

Battery packs typically consist of series-and-parallel-connected modules, with each module further consisting of series-and-parallel-connected cells. Packs have “weakˮ cells which can affect modules and, thus, remanufacturing might extend the majority of the packʼs life. For those with low remaining useful life RUL, either the entire pack can be repurposed, or only the useful modules/cells can be salvaged and become parts for refurbished packs.

Source: Roy et. al 2025, J. Zhu et al 2021

Retired battery assessment procedure involving many costly human-aided steps with inevitable uncertainties.

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.