Supply Chain: Recycling & Secondary Markets

Second-life Batteries: Current Applications Batteries are typically repurposed from a strenuous application (mostly mobility) to less demanding use cases

SLB viability: Green - suitable, yellow - sometimes suitable, red - not suitable (economic infeasibility or high C‐rates).

Repurposing

Repurposing can be done at the pack, module, or cell level: The prospect of disassembling a retired pack is valuable as it can increase the proportion of modules/cells that can be repurposed and also reduce the probability of a faulty or weak module/cell making its way into a second-life use case it is not fit for. To extend the lifespan of batteries, it is essential to design them in a way that ensures reparability while also creating an ecosystem of repair centers supported by a skilled workforce that is certified to work with high-voltage systems. Source: Sparkion, Roy et al 2025, Patel et al. 2024.

Providers (non-exhaustive list)

Offerings

Pack

C&I and grid scale BESS, diagnostics

Module

C&I BESS, diagnostics

Cell

Retrieving healthy cells from retired packs

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.