Seminal Literature

LiMn2O4 LMO - A Cheaper Alternative to LCO that Struggles with Transition Metal Dissolution Despite its limited capacity and Mn dissolution, LiMn2O4 remains an economically attractive cathode that has found use in lower-end applications in China. LiMn2O4 exists as cubic structure and can reach a theoretical capacity of 148 mAh/g Mn2O4 spinel provides tetrahedral sites for Li insertion at 4.1 V and 3.9 V

Cubic structure allows for isotropic expansion and contraction

LiMn2O4 has poor stability with electrolyte due to Mn dissolution

When Li stoichiometry is > 1, cubic symmetry reduces to tetragonal

Jahn–Teller distortion leads to non-isotropic expansion and loss of structural integrity

Typical charge and discharge curves for a Li || LiMn2O4 cell 4 Source: 1 Thackeray, M. M., et al. Materials Research Bulletin 19.2 1984 179187. 2 Asl, H. Y., & Manthiram, A. 2020. Science, 3696500, 140141. 3 Thackeray, M. M., Shao‐Horn, Y., Kahaian, A. J., Kepler, K. D., Skinner, E., Vaughey, J. T., & Hackney, S. A. 1998. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 11, 7. 4 Yongyao Xia et al 1997 J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 2593 5 Gummow, R. J., De Kock, A., & Thackeray, M. M. 1994. Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithium/lithium-manganese oxide (spinel) cells. Solid State Ionics, 691, 5967. 6 Nitta, Naoki, et al. "Li-ion battery materials: present and future." Materials today 18.5 2015 252264.

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