Lithium-Ion

Liquid Organic Electrolytes for Li-Rich High-Voltage Batteries Design Class LHCE / HCE

Concept

2025 Focus

High Li-salt concentration + weakly coordinating diluents → anion-rich solvation, inorganic SEI/CEI, high anodic stability

Li-metal || NMC811 pouch cells under lean electrolyte 23 g Ah−1), CE

Weakly Solvating Ether Electrolytes

Ether-rich, weakly solvating + fluorinated diluents → anion

Li∥NMC811 stack cells (thin Li, lean electrolyte), hundreds of cycles, low

dominated solvation, dense inorganic SEI

gas evolution

Additive-Engineered Interphase Electrolytes

Targeted inorganic-forming additives (e.g., MgHPO4

LNMO 5.0V) with MgHPO4 additive, high-rate retention; cocktails for LCO

phosphates) → multi-layer CEI/SEI

4.6 V and Li-rich oxides.

All-Fluorinated Electrolytes

Replace carbonates with fluorinated solvents/cosolvents →

Li-rich Mn-based cathodes at high cut-off voltage, retention ~ 85% vs ~

F-rich interphases, high oxidative stability

50%, suppress lattice oxygen loss

LHCE + flame-retardant components → non-flammable,

NMC811||graphite at 4.5 V, near unity CE, low fade, passes flammability

robust SEI/CEI

tests

Low-boiling liquefied gases + aggregate-rich structures →

Li-metal cells > 4.4 V, improved low-temp performance, reversible

ultra-wide temp range, high-voltage stability

interphase formation

Flame-Retardant LHCE

Liquefied-Gas & Aggregate - Rich Electrolytes

99.5%, gas suppression)

Source: 1 Hansen Wang, Xiaolin Yan, Rupeng Zhang et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2025 2 Luo Zhang, Haodong Zhao, et.al, NanoScale, 2025 3 Yuyu Ban, Feng Hai, Weicheng Xue et.al., Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2025; 4 Ganesh Raghavendran, Alex Liu, Oleg Borodin et;al., Energy Environmental Science, 2025; 5 Recoverable aggregate-rich liquefied gas electrolytes for enabling high-voltage lithium metal batteries

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