North America

The USAʼs Decentralized Battery Governance Framework 3Pillar Model) Unlike the EUʼs centralized regulatory structure, the U.S. operates a decentralized, parallel system. Battery compliance arises from the intersection of federal and state industrial incentives, voluntary safety standards administered through NRTLs, and sector-specific operational rules across transport, buildings, and consumer safety. The result is a flexible but fragmented framework driven more by market forces than by unified regulation.

Industrial & Market Incentives

Federal-Level IRA 45X Advanced Manufacturing Tax Credit IRA 30D Clean Vehicle Credit IRA 48C Advanced Energy Project Credit IRA 48E Clean Electricity Investment Credit DOE Loan Program Office LPO Bipartisan Infrastructure Law BIL Defense Production Act DPA State-Level State Tax Credits Property Tax Abatements & Sales Tax Exemptions Workforce Training Grants Clean Energy Procurement Support Utility Rate Incentives for Gigafactories Local / Utility-Level Cheaper Land, Industrial Bonds Utility Rebates for Large Energy Users Municipal Fast-track Permitting

Core Safety Standards

Source: IRA; BIL; DOE; DOT; NHTSA; EPA; CARB; UL; NFPA 855; CPSC; FAA

Electric Vehicles UL 2580 Batteries for Use in EVs SAE J2464 EV Li-ion Battery Abuse Testing SAE J2929 EV Battery System Safety Energy Storage Systems UL 1973 Batteries for Stationary/ Industrial Use UL 9540 Energy Storage Systems UL 9540A Thermal Runaway Propagation Test NFPA 855 ESS Installation Standard Consumer Electronics UL 1642 Li-ion Battery Cells UL 2054 Household & Commercial Batteries ANSI C18 Consumer Batteries Two-wheelers UL 2271 Batteries for Light EVs Marine ABYC E13 Li-ion Battery Systems USCG NVIC Li-ion Batteries on Commercial Vessels eVTOL & Aerospace RTCA DO311A Rechargeable Li-ion Batteries RTCA DO160G Environmental Test Procedures

Legal & Operational Rules

Transport & Workplace Safety DOT / PHMSA UN 38.3 HMR Transport Rules) OSHA NRTLs UL / CSA / TÜV / Intertek) Vehicles & Mobility NHTSA / FMVSS Vehicle Electrical Safety) EPA & CARB GHG / ZEV Compliance) ESS in Buildings & Infrastructure IFC / IBC Fire & Building Codes) NFPA 855 Local AHJs Consumer Electronics CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission) Retailer Compliance Programs Marine & Aviation USCG / ABYC E13 / NVIC 0219 FAA

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.