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Cell Costs

…dvantage increases with lithium price. Na-ion cost structure is anode-heavy. ● The LMFP-LFP cost difference is more profound in a high lithium ● Na-ion is not yet cost-competitive with Li-ion due to the price scenario …

Applications

…tteries more conducive to LFP & Na-ion ● But mini vehicles have small batteries an…

Applications

…rs dominate currently with LFP prismatic cells used by many OEMs. Cylindrical NMC u…

Applications

…fluenced by cell format and vice versa chemistries - impacting material usage and battery costs LFP is driving trend towards prismatic 2023 | BATTERY REPORT | 01 Industry | P. 88 Source: CRU Group [1] [2]

Applications

…SS | Battery Technology Technology Residential energy storage products shifted towards LFP in 2023, consistent with top consumer preferences toward price, safety, & lifetime (warranty). 2023 | BATTERY REPORT | 01 Industry | P. 96 Source: BloombergNEF, McKinsey

Applications

… or LFP 4 - 26 years …

Chemistry & Cell Components

… LMFP LFP Graphite Soft Carbon Anode Graphite/Si …

Chemistry & Cell Components

… High Ni Cathode LFP/LMFP Cobalt Reduction Researchers were working on cathode materials Industry shifts towards high adoption of LFP…

Chemistry & Cell Components

…Components | NMC | Technology Pros and Cons of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) vs. Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) S W O T In 2023 Nickel Manganese Co…

Chemistry & Cell Components

… performance - Cost - LFP SDI, the first of which supplies batteries to • Power - Safety - Long range/ - High-voltage LNMO Tesla, contrib…

Chemistry & Cell Components

… • Highest cobalt use • LFP • Cobalt cost and • Long range/ high-end • High-voltage LNMO NMC Strength …

Chemistry & Cell Components

Chemistry & Cell Components | LFP | Technology LFP | Technology Pros and Cons of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) vs. Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) …

Chemistry & Cell Components

… | Technology Pros and Cons of Lithium Manganese Iron Phosphate (LMFP) vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) S W O T LMFP Strength LMFP Weakness LMFP Opportunity LMFP T…

Chemistry & Cell Components

… LMO | Technology Pros and Cons of Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) S W O T …

Chemistry & Cell Components

… ● To enable cheaper EV’s, LFP is the near term solution to get the lowest lithium cost per kWh …

Chemistry & Cell Components

… - Power - Ni/Co supply chain - Stationary storage - LFP/high-voltage - Strong supply - e-Bus, e-Bike, LNMO chain e-Mo…

Chemistry & Cell Components

…280 Wh/Kg depending on density 140-150 Wh/Kg chemistry (NMC, LFP, LTO, NCA etc.) Volumetric Energy 250-750 Wh/L depending on Density …

Chemistry & Cell Components

… scale Alternatives: Li-LFP / Flow Batteries / Na-S / Zinc / Liq-metal / Metal-air Alternatives: Li-LFP / Lead-acid Key Metric: Levelized Costs ($/kWh/cycle) > Safety > Cycle life > Rate Key Metric: Safety >…

Raw Materials

… year ● Continued shift to LFP has softened demand for nickel and cobalt materials…

Raw Materials

… Li2O 0.464 1.000 2.473 1.601 ● Lithium Carbonate: used for LFP and Oxide low-nickel batteries would require 1 LCE ● Lithium Metal: used for Li Metal batteries …